In the first reporting period (M1–M18), D4RUNOFF developed sampling protocols, analytical workflows for non-target suspect screening, sensor prototypes, and a parametric NBS database. Over 40 representative samples were collected in Odense, Pontedera and Santander, supplemented by samples from Copenhagen, Riga and Ljubljana. These laid the foundation for the project’s scientific and technical advances.
During second reporting period (M19–M30), efforts were expanded across more than 50 sampling sites in six European cities. Key achievements included: Pollutant inventory; Microbial contamination were found; Metals exceedances, aluminium and lead were recorded; Advanced analytical methods: Workflows combining LC-HRMS, GC×GC-HRMS, HILIC-HRMS and ddPCR validated; Prototype sensors for zinc, nickel, triazines, 6-PPD quinone and small microplastics (≤50 μm) paving the way for real-time monitoring of CECs; Nature-Based Solutions (NBS): A comprehensive dataset and parametric library of NBS was created c; AI-assisted digital platform: Development with five modules addressing operational management, risk assessment, NBS planning, policy-making and social aspects, and integrating sensor data, pollutant inventories and decision-support tools to assist local authorities and utilities in managing urban runoff pollution.
During the third reporting period (M31–M42), the D4RUNOFF consortium completed all Work Packages, contributing to the full validation and deployment of its integrated framework across the three pilot sites. Main achievements were: Validation of suspect and non-target screening workflows in urban runoff across > 50 sampling points in Europe, methods developed in WP1 were implemented to monitor runoff pollutants and generate data for risk assessment modelling; Complete development of prototype sensors for triazines and 6PPD-quinone, metals and small microplastic for automated monitoring; AI-Assisted Platform fully developed and deployed, integrating five modules and stakeholder-driven approaches to urban runoff management: the development of the multi-stakeholder platform was completed and implemented across the three pilot sites of the project (Odense, Santander and Pontedera). Its five modules were tested and validated using real datasets, including sensor data, laboratory analyses and modelling outputs. The platform demonstrated its capability to integrate monitoring, modelling, risk assessment, policy-making and social engagement functionalities within a unified environment, supporting decision-making under real operational conditions; Cross-case study collaboration and stakeholder engagement in sampling, feedback, and platform co-creation, as final testing and validation of the D4RUNOFF approach in the three pilot case studies (Odense – DK, Santander – ES, Pontedera – IT), as well as the initial assessment of replication potential in additional European locations, through monitoring campaigns, validation of the implemented solutions and stakeholder engagement activities.
