5th Generation connected and automated mobility cross-border EU trials

Projektinformationen

5G-ROUTES

ID Finanzhilfevereinbarung: 951867

DOI

10.3030/951867

Projekt abgeschlossen

EK-Unterschriftsdatum 15 Juli 2020

Startdatum 1 September 2020

Enddatum 28 Februar 2025

Finanziert unter

• INDUSTRIAL LEADERSHIP - Leadership in enabling and industrial technologies - Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

Gesamtkosten

€ 11 267 378,53

EU-Beitrag

€ 9 177 397,88

Koordiniert durch

ERICSSON EESTI AS
Estonia

CORDIS bietet Links zu öffentlichen Ergebnissen und Veröffentlichungen von HORIZONT-Projekten.

Links zu Ergebnissen und Veröffentlichungen von RP7-Projekten sowie Links zu einigen Typen spezifischer Ergebnisse wie Datensätzen und Software werden dynamisch von OpenAIRE abgerufen.

Leistungen

Demonstrators, pilots, prototypes (1)

5G CAM field trials final version

Final version of actual field trials of all use cases, repeated over 3 iterative testing cycles, i.e. over R15 NSA, the new 5G SA core, and 3rd round repeating 2nd round on R16 unless R17 is available already.

Documents, reports (30)

Use Cases' field trials planning, setup, operational management handbook v1.0

Initial version of report, updated at the beginning of each iterative testing cycle period, providing planning, operational and management provisions for the corresponding cycle.

Analysis and demonstration of multi-hop solutions broadening 5G connection coverage at sea between vessels and coast

This report will consolidate outcomes of technology and legislative research to identify the potential for 5G networking at the sea transport corridors, extending it far beyond a single country border to international waters as well. The outcome will be an analysis of maritime connectivity solutions to provide seamless cross-border maritime 5G connectivity.

Report on results of the lab trials and of the operational readiness for the field trials, final version

Final version of report.

Report on 5G-ROUTES CAM deployment plan and longer-term deployment strategies v2.0

Interim v20 report

Report on standardisation activities and spectrum allocation recommendations final version

Final report.The final report will also cover spectrum availability considerations.

Dissemination & Communication plans and activities v2.0

Interim report containing the dissemination and communication plans and activities implemented

Use Cases, scenarios, specs & target KPIs for 5G for CAM v1.0

Initial (v1.0) report.

Report on legal and ethics monitoring v1.0

Initial report.

Technical management handbook v1.0

Initial version of report.

Use cases, scenarios, specs & target KPIs for 5G for CAM v2.0

Interim v20 report also documenting trial scenarios

Testing framework for the technological and business validation and benchmarking of the results final

Final version of reports, incorporating updates to D1.5.

Use cases, scenarios, specifications and target KPIs for 5G for CAM final

Final version report.

Report on 5G infrastructure setup for CAM final

Final version of the deliverable.

Report on standardisation activities and spectrum allocation recommendations v1.0

Initial report.

Technical management handbook final version

Final version of report.

Report on joint planning activities with 5G-PPP

A report on clustering activities aiming to advance the 5G CAM vision to promote the exchange of results to share knowledge and experience as well as best practices for the emerging 5G services to different relevant verticals

Testing framework for the technological and business validation and benchmarking of the results v1.0

Initial (v1.0) of reports.

Dissemination & Communication plans and activities final version

Final report containing the dissemination and communication plans and activities implemented.

Report on integration of technological enablers with MNOs 5G infrastructure and incremental upgrades final version

Final version of report.

Methodologies for cross-border collaboration and validation of 5G features for CAM v1.0

Initial v10 report

Dissemination & Communication plans and activities v1.0

Initial report containing the dissemination and communication plans and activities implemented

Report on 5G-ROUTES CAM deployment plan and longer-term deployment strategies v1.0

Initial (v1.0) report.

Report on legal and ethics monitoring final version

Final report.

Report on 5G infrastructure setup for CAM v1.0

Initial version of the deliverable.

Report on technical, business, security, privacy, policies and regulatory recommendations and summary of joint activities with the 5G PPP

The report consolidates technical, business, security, privacy, policy and regulatory recommendations, incorporating inputs from all T6.3 partners in line with 5G-PPP recommendations (ILS). D6.9 also presents organised events and the outcome of the joint activities with the 5G PPP (ATOS).

Testing framework for the technological and business validation and benchmarking of the results v2.0

Interim v20 report

Information package for external SMEs to facilitate the design of new CAM applications v1.0

A report consolidating the information package for the SMEs and procedures for managing the online application.

Report on CAM infrastructure development in vehicles, railways and maritime v2.0

Final version (v2.0) of report.

Report on lab trials findings and field trials operational readiness v1.0

Initial version of report

Report on CAM infrastructure development in vehicles, railways and maritime v1.0

Initial version of report

Open Research Data Pilot (2)

Data Management Plan final version

Final plan for data management.

Data Management Plan v1.0

Initial plan for data management

Websites, patent fillings, videos etc. (1)

Project website and social media presence

Creation, development and constant update of all web-based communication means, including the project’s website and social media channels.

Veröffentlichungen

Conference proceedings (30)

The Impact of RAN Slice Bandwidth Subpartitioning on Slice Performance

Autoren: Kulmar, Marika; Müürsepp, Ivo; Alam, Muhammad Mahtab
Veröffentlicht in: 2022 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC), Ausgabe 2022, 2022, ISBN 978-1-6654-6749-0
Herausgeber: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/IWCMC55113.2022.9825262

Enhanced Decision Mechanism for RAN Subslicing in Management Closed Control Loop

Autoren: Marika Kulmar, Ivo Müürsepp, Muhammad Mahtab Alam
Veröffentlicht in: 2023 Eighth International Conference on Fog and Mobile Edge Computing (FMEC), 2023
Herausgeber: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/fmec59375.2023.10306223

Inter-cell Interference Reduction Scheme for Uplink Transmission in NB-IoT Systems

Autoren: Collins Burton Mwakwata, Osama Elgarhy, Yannick Le Moullec, Muhammad Mahtab Alam, Sven Pärand, Ivar Annus
Veröffentlicht in: 2021 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC), Ausgabe 2020, 2021
Herausgeber: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/iwcmc51323.2021.9498970

AI-Based mechanism for the Predictive Resource Allocation of V2X related Network Services

Autoren: Mpatziakas Asterios; Sinanis Anastasios; Hamlatzis Iosif; Drosou Anastasios; Tzovaras Dimitrios
Veröffentlicht in: 2022 18th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM), 2022
Herausgeber: IEEE
DOI: 10.23919/CNSM55787.2022.9964722

Maritime Multi-Hop Communication over 5G Networks: A Campus Area Testbed Implementation and Evaluation

Autoren: Seppo Horsmanheimo, Lotta Tuomimäki, Andrea Gentili, Matias Varonen, Sami Ruponen, Kimmo Ahola, and Johan Scholliers, Marko Ojennus, Atro Lehtinen, Juha Karppinen, and Lasse Nykänen, Ilba Grillo, Marc Moisand, and Daniel Hakansson, Jose Costa and Mika Skarp, Andrea Castelli, Daniel Larrosa, George Agapiou, Nikos Tzagkarakis, and Konstantinos Koutsianopoulos
Veröffentlicht in: IEEE Future Networks World Forum, 2024
Herausgeber: IEEE

CAM Services Platform: Managing CAM Services in Multi-Domain Cross-Border Scenarios

Autoren: J. Baranda, A. Galal, A. Mpatziakas, A. Sinanis, G. Gómez, J. Scholliers, S. Karageorgiou, G. Agapiou, M. M. Alam, A. Castelli, A. Drosou, M.Payaró, J. Mangues-Bafalluy
Veröffentlicht in: EUCNC| 6G Summit 2024, 2024
Herausgeber: EUCNC

An Automated Configurable Cloud-Native Monitoring System for the Radio Access Network

Autoren: J. Baranda, A. Bel, S. Barrachina, M. Payaró, J. Mangues-Bafalluy
Veröffentlicht in: IEEE Wiireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC'25), Ausgabe DEMO, 2025
Herausgeber: IEEE

Maritime Fleet-Based 5G Network Extension: A Model for Cross-border Coastal Applications

Autoren: Riivo Pilvik, Tanel Jairus, Kati Kõrbe Kaare, Arvi Sadam, Andrea Gentili, Kaidi Nõmmela
Veröffentlicht in: IEEE Future Networks World Forum, 2024
Herausgeber: IEEE

Multi-Administrative Domain Service Onboarding in a ZSM-Based Orchestration Architecture

Autoren: Jorge Baranda, Luca Vettori, Miquel Payaró, Josep Mangues-Bafalluy, Guillermo Gomez, Sozos Karageorgiou
Veröffentlicht in: 2023 20th Annual IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communication, and Networking (SECON), Ausgabe DEMO, 2023
Herausgeber: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/secon58729.2023.10287456

Service placement and migration algorithm utilizing precise positioning for connected and automated vehicles

Autoren: Osama Elgarhy, Muhammad Mahtab Alam, Luca Reggiani, Muhammad Moazam Azeem
Veröffentlicht in: 2023 IEEE Conference on Standards for Communications and Networking (CSCN), 2024
Herausgeber: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/cscn60443.2023.10453210

Maritime Multi-Hop Communication over 5G Networks: An Indoor Testbed Implementation and Evaluation

Autoren: Seppo Horsmanheimo, Lotta Tuomimäki, Andrea Gentili, Johan Scholliers, Arvi Sadam, Kati Kõrbe Kaare
Veröffentlicht in: 2024 IEEE 100th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2024-Fall), 2025, Seite(n) 1-6
Herausgeber: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/vtc2024-fall63153.2024.10757897

Disaggregating a 5G Non-Public Network via On-Demand Cloud-Native UPF Deployments

Autoren: Jorge Baranda, Sergio Barrachina-Muñoz, Rasoul Nikbakht, Miquel Payaró, Josep Mangues-Bafalluy
Veröffentlicht in: 2023 19th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM), Ausgabe DEMO, 2024
Herausgeber: IEEE
DOI: 10.23919/cnsm59352.2023.10327848

Active-Passive Two-Way Ranging Using UWB

Autoren: Taavi Laadung, Sander Ulp, Muhammad Mahtab Alam, Yannick Le Moullec
Veröffentlicht in: 2020 14th International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ICSPCS), Ausgabe 2021, 2021
Herausgeber: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/icspcs50536.2020.9309999

An AI/ML Proactive Network Service Relocation Approach for Multi-Admin Domain Scenarios

Autoren: Jorge Baranda, Akram Galal, Luca Vettori, Asterios Mpatziakas, Andrea Gentili, Anastasios Sinanis, Anastasia Yastrebova-Castillo, Guillermo Gomez, Sozos Karageorgiou, Anastasios Drosou, Johan Scholliers, Miquel Payaró, Josep Mangues-Bafalluy
Veröffentlicht in: NOMS 2024-2024 IEEE Network Operations and Management Symposium, Ausgabe DEMO, 2024
Herausgeber: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/noms59830.2024.10575207

ZSM-based Orchestration for Inter-Administrative Domain Cross-Border Vehicular Scenarios

Autoren: Jorge Baranda; Luca Vettori; Bahador Bakhshi; Josep Mangues
Veröffentlicht in: IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communication, and Networking, Ausgabe DEMO, 2022
Herausgeber: IEEE
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7341444

Enabling the SLA Management of Federated Network Services through Scaling Operations

Autoren: Jorge Baranda; Josep Mangues-Bafalluy; Luca Vettori; Ricardo Martínez; Engin Zeydan
Veröffentlicht in: 2022 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC), 2022
Herausgeber: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/iscc55528.2022.9912996

Demo: Automated Multi-Site E2E Orchestration of Hybrid Network Services Mixing PNF, VNF and CNFs

Autoren: Jorge Baranda; Luca Vettori; Josep Mangues; Ricardo Martínez; Engin Zeydan
Veröffentlicht in: 2022 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC), Ausgabe DEMO, 2022
Herausgeber: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/iscc55528.2022.9912971

5G Architecture for Cross-border Mobility Services: The 5G-Routes Project Approach

Autoren: Rodriguez, Jose; Gomez Chavez, Guillermo; Baranda, Jorge; Lindenbergs, Arturs; Manni, Mattias
Veröffentlicht in: 15th ITS European Congress, Ausgabe 2023, 2023
Herausgeber: ERTICO
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8362745

Demo: On-demand Disaggregated Deployment of Cloud-Native Mobile Networks from Core to RAN

Autoren: J. Baranda, A. Bel, S. Barrachina, M. Payaró, J. Mangues-Bafalluy
Veröffentlicht in: ACM 25th International Symposium on Theory, Algorithmic Foundations, and Protocol Design for Mobile Networks and Mobile Computing (Mobihoc'24), Ausgabe DEMO, 2024
Herausgeber: ACM

5G RAN resource slicing with flexible functional splits over multi-tenant environment

Autoren: Michail Dalgitsis, John S Vardakas, Christos Verikoukis
Veröffentlicht in: 2021 IEEE 26th International Workshop on Computer Aided Modeling and Design of Communication Links and Networks (CAMAD), 2022, Seite(n) 1-6
Herausgeber: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/camad52502.2021.9617786

Non-Line of Sight Detection Based on 5G Signal Strength- and Quality Measurements and its impact on mobile positioning accuracy

Autoren: Ivo Müürsepp, Aleksei Fjodorov, Muhammad Mahtab Alam
Veröffentlicht in: 2024 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC), 2024
Herausgeber: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/iwcmc61514.2024.10592586

Distributed Sequential Cloud-Native Deployment of an End-to-End 5G Network with O-RAN Functions

Autoren: Jorge Baranda, Albert Bel, Sergio Barrachina-Muñoz, Miquel Payaró, Josep Mangues-Bafalluy
Veröffentlicht in: 2024 15th International Conference on Network of the Future (NoF), 2024, Seite(n) 142-144
Herausgeber: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/nof62948.2024.10741499

Experimental Validation and Field Trials of 5G Cross-Border Connectivity

Autoren: Osama Elgarhy, Marika Kulmar, Priit Roosipuu, Margus Rohtla, Yannick Le Moullec, Kati Kõrbe Kaare, Arvi Sadam, Johan Scholliers, Muhammad Mahtab Alam
Veröffentlicht in: IEEE Future Networks World Forum, 2024
Herausgeber: IEEE

Development, Implementation and Field Trial of 5G Integrated GNSS-RTK Positioning in Cross-Border Settings

Autoren: Osama Elgarhy, Margus Rohtla, Indur Ait, Priit Roosipuu, Kati Kõrbe Kaare, Arvi Sadam, Toomas Kallaspoolik, Muhammad Mahtab Alam
Veröffentlicht in: IEEE Future Networks World Forum, 2024
Herausgeber: IEEE

Providing Continuous 5G Connectivity along Ferry Lines – Concepts and Trials of 5G-ROUTES Project (Invited paper)

Autoren: Helmut W. Zaglauer; Arturs Lindenbergs; Matti Lankinen; Kati Kõrbe Kaare; Kristjan Kuhi; Miquel Payaró
Veröffentlicht in: 2022 IEEE Future Networks World Forum (FNWF), 2022
Herausgeber: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/fnwf55208.2022.00105

Automatic NLOS Classification from Virtual 3D City Models

Autoren: Ivo Müürsepp, Muhammad Mahtab Alam
Veröffentlicht in: 2023 Eighth International Conference on Fog and Mobile Edge Computing (FMEC), Ausgabe 2023, 2023
Herausgeber: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/fmec59375.2023.10306158

Automated Vehicle Platform with Connected Driving Capabilities

Autoren: Oskars Teikmanis, Aleksandrs Levinskis, Andris Ivars Mackus, Artis Rušiņš, Amr Elkenawy, Marta Tropa, Modris Greitans
Veröffentlicht in: 2023 IEEE 26th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), 2024
Herausgeber: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/itsc57777.2023.10422300

Implementing CAM Services in a Cross-border Environment Using a Dedicated 5G Network

Autoren: Rodriguez, Jose; Scholliers, Johan; Merdrignac, Pierre; Krupp, Margus; Lindenbergs, Artūrs
Veröffentlicht in: 14th ITS European Congress, Ausgabe 2022, 2022
Herausgeber: ITS
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8362926

Performance Evaluation of 5G-NR Positioning Accuracy Using Time Difference of Arrival Method

Autoren: Ivo Müürsepp, Marika Kulmar, Osama Elghary, Muhammad Mahtab Alam, Tao Chen, Seppo Horsmanheimo, Johan Scholliers
Veröffentlicht in: 2021 IEEE International Mediterranean Conference on Communications and Networking (MeditCom), Ausgabe 2021, 2021
Herausgeber: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/meditcom49071.2021.9647652

Multi-Domain Architecture for CAM Service Delivery Across Borders

Autoren: M. Efthymiopoulou, K. Ramantas, N. Vesselinova, M. Mahtab Alam, L. Sanabria-Russo, C. Verikoukis.
Veröffentlicht in: In proceedings of 2021 IEEE International Mediterranean Conference on Communications and Networking (MeditCom) - Special Session: AI Assisted Technologies for Connected and Automated Mobility (CAM, 2021
Herausgeber: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/meditcom49071.2021.9647459

Peer reviewed articles (13)

Seamless 5G Multi-Hop Connectivity Architecture and Trials for Maritime Applications

Autoren: Artürs Lindenbergs; Maciej Muehleisen; Miquel Payaró; Kati Kõrbe Kaare; Helmut W. Zaglauer; Johan Scholliers; Arvi Sadam; Kristjan Kuhi and Lasse Nykanen
Veröffentlicht in: Recent Advances in Mobile and Wireless Communication Networks, Ausgabe Volume 23; Ausgabe 9; Pages: 4203, 2023, ISSN 1424-8220
Herausgeber: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
DOI: 10.3390/s23094203

Towards Optimal Placement and Runtime Migration of Time-Sensitive Services of Connected and Automated Vehicles

Autoren: Osama Elgarhy, Yannick Le Moullec, Luca Reggiani, Muhammad Moazam Azeem, Tarik Taleb, Muhammad Mahtab Alam
Veröffentlicht in: IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology, Ausgabe 6, 2024, Seite(n) 13-33, ISSN 2644-1330
Herausgeber: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/ojvt.2024.3496583

Heuristic Radio Access Network Subslicing with User Clustering and Bandwidth Subpartitioning

Autoren: Marika Kulmar; Ivo Müürsepp; Muhammad Mahtab Alam
Veröffentlicht in: Sensors, Ausgabe 2023, 23(10), 4613, 2023, ISSN 1424-8220
Herausgeber: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
DOI: 10.3390/s23104613

Energy Efficiency and Latency Optimization for IoT URLLC and mMTC Use Cases

Autoren: Elgarhy, Osama; Reggiani, Luca; Alam, Muhammad Mahtab; Zoha, Ahmed; Ahmad, Rizwan; Kuusik, Alar
Veröffentlicht in: IEEE Access, Ausgabe 12, 2024, ISSN 2169-3536
Herausgeber: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3364349

Enhancing V2X QoS: A Dual Approach of Packet Duplication and Dynamic RAN Slicing in B5G

Autoren: Behnam Ojaghi, Ferran Adelantado, Christos Verikoukis
Veröffentlicht in: IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Ausgabe 25, 2024, Seite(n) 7848-7860, ISSN 1524-9050
Herausgeber: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
DOI: 10.1109/tits.2024.3350236

An Empirical Modeling for the Baseline Energy Consumption of an NB-IoT Radio Transceiver

Autoren: Sikandar M. Zulqarnain Khan, Muhammad Mahtab Alam, Yannick Le Moullec, Alar Kuusik, Sven Pärand, Christos Verikoukis
Veröffentlicht in: IEEE Internet of Things Journal, Ausgabe Volume: 8, Ausgabe: 19, Oct.1, 1 2021, 2021, ISSN 2327-4662
Herausgeber: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
DOI: 10.1109/jiot.2021.3072769

SCHE2MA: Scalable, Energy-Aware, Multidomain Orchestration for Beyond-5G URLLC Services

Autoren: Anestis Dalgkitsis; Luis A. Garrido; Farhad Rezazadeh; Hatim Chergui; Kostas Ramantas; John S. Vardakas; Christos Verikoukis
Veröffentlicht in: IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems (Early Access), 2022, ISSN 1524-9050
Herausgeber: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
DOI: 10.1109/tits.2022.3202312

Management Closed Control Loop Automation for Improved RAN Slice Performance by Subslicing

Autoren: Marika Kulmar, Muhammad Mahtab Alam, Ivo Müürsepp
Veröffentlicht in: IEEE Access, Ausgabe 12, 2024, Seite(n) 103082-103095, ISSN 2169-3536
Herausgeber: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
DOI: 10.1109/access.2024.3433475

Cooperative Scheduler to Enhance Massive Connectivity in 5G and Beyond by Minimizing Interference in OMA and NOMA

Autoren: Collins Burton Mwakwata, Osama Elgarhy, Muhammad Mahtab Alam, Yannick Le Moullec, Sven Pärand, Konstantinos Trichias, Kostas Ramantas
Veröffentlicht in: IEEE Systems Journal, Ausgabe Early Access, 2021, ISSN 1932-8184
Herausgeber: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
DOI: 10.1109/jsyst.2021.3114338

5G RAN slicing: dynamic single tenant radio resource orchestration for eMBB traffic within a multi-slice scenario

Autoren: M.Maule, J.Vardakas and Ch.Verikoukis
Veröffentlicht in: IEEE Communications Magazine, 2021, Seite(n) 110-116, ISSN 0163-6804
Herausgeber: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
DOI: 10.1109/mcom.001.2000770

SlicedRAN: Service-Aware Network Slicing Framework for 5G Radio Access Networks

Autoren: Behnam Ojaghi, Ferran Adelantado, Angelos Antonopoulos, Christos Verikoukis
Veröffentlicht in: IEEE Systems Journal, Ausgabe 16, 2024, Seite(n) 2556-2567, ISSN 1932-8184
Herausgeber: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
DOI: 10.1109/jsyst.2021.3064398

5G as an Enabler of Connected-and-Automated Mobility in European Cross-Border Corridors—A Market Assessment

Autoren: Dimitrios Rizopoulos; Marina Laskari; Ioanna Fergadiotou; Gerasimos Kouloumbis; Patrick Durkin; Kati Kõrbe Kaare; Muhammad Mahtab Alam
Veröffentlicht in: Sustainability, Ausgabe Volume 14; Ausgabe 21; Pages: 14411, 2022, ISSN 2071-1050
Herausgeber: MDPI Open Access Publishing
DOI: 10.3390/su142114411

Novel Active-Passive Two-Way Ranging Protocols for UWB Positioning Systems

Autoren: Taavi Laadung, Sander Ulp, Muhammad Mahtab Alam, Yannick Le Moullec
Veröffentlicht in: IEEE Sensors Journal, Ausgabe Volume: 22, Ausgabe: 6, March15, 15 2022, 2021, ISSN 1530-437X
Herausgeber: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2021.3125570