We developed a new generation of artificial soils able to report on the nature of chemical changes taking place in soil because of biological activity using a commonly available plastic of low refractive index and to introduce functions using a thin shell made of functional material. For the core of the particle, we used FEP (Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene), and the project has successfully identified and synthesized polymers with adequate functions for use in an artificial soil. We have developed a new microscopy platform and pipelines for the fabrication of microcosm chambers where microorganisms, nutrient and various other amendments can flexibly be introduced and imaged live and in situ. We have also made key progress with the development of computational techniques, proposing the first whole organ model to simulate morphogenesis as cellular resolution.
Using these new technologies, we were able to track the behaviour of soil microbes during colonisation of the rhizosphere. Using our new live imaging systems, we have revealed the stunning level of coordination employed by soil bacteria to move through the soil structure and colonise plant host. We showed that bacterial cells move as flocks, in ways that are normally observed in more complex higher organisms such as birds and fish. We also demonstrated that such movements are made possible because the bacteria is able to create localised, but steady laminar flows of water through soil, therefore moving as a group rather than as individuals.
The project has led to several high-profile publications in journals such as PNAS, New Phytologist, ISME Journal, with other publication still under considerations in high impact factor journals. The project has also been a formidable boost to further scientific development with numerous follow-on projects funded nationally and internationally. Other outcomes include publications in national newspapers, social media and early carrier scientists growing their careers in various research institutions around the world.
