To address the scientific objectives, we completed experiments testing whether poleward displacement during summer and winter affected diel processes in the context of annual phenology. We completed four projects in which songbirds were subjected to a polar-summer photic environment, simulating a poleward displacement. These results are forthcoming, but preliminary results suggest that constant light challenges diel processes in songbirds compared to exposure to the local photic environment at the capture site. We additionally subjected one species of diurnally migrating songbird to an autumn polar photic environment during their first migration and found that photic cues are incorporated into the endogenous migratory program during migration. We also tested whether equatorial migrants can properly schedule annual processes by subjecting them to a southern-poleward photic-displacement of their normal overwintering range. Together, our results will demonstrate whether diel processes interact with annual temporal processes in the context of simulated poleward range shifts, which can have implications for whether migratory birds can track warmer temperatures poleward into novel photic environments in the northern breeding and southern overwintering ranges. The training of the researcher and transfer of knowledge between the researcher and the hosting supervisor was successful. The researcher gained valuable experience mentoring students and interns, and accomplished the goals of learning to design controlled experiments using songbirds. Bilateral transfer of knowledge also occurred by the researcher providing expertise on diel processes and polar environments and the supervisor providing expertise in annual migration, navigation, and experimental design using songbirds.
